Consumer Driven World of Advertising Essay - 1550 Words

Consumer Driven World of Advertising The speech titled Advertisings Overdue Revolution is a very interesting read. I will attempt to break the speech down into a number of main themes discussed by the author. I will then examine each of these themes and decide whether or not I agree with the points presented. On the issues that I have a difference of opinion, I will examine why, and try to support my argument with relevant facts. How much is advertising responsible for the highest credit card debt and lowest household savings in years? Let us make sure we understand what advertising is before we tackle this question. I will not be talking about one particular ad, but from the common theme underlying every ad.†¦show more content†¦1. Promote only those goods and services that benefit human development. I do applaud the author for recognizing there is a problem and wanting to do something about. But I see a large problem with his first proposal. With capitalism, free enterprise, and little government control it is impossible to regulate industry and force them to promote only the goods and services that benefit society. Most industrys are profit driven, answering to their shareholders for instants in a large corporation. There are a few exceptions to the rule such as non profit organizations. The proposal sounds like the building blocks and ideology of a communist government. A communist country is where the state controls the industry, economy and owns all property. In that case it is theoretically possible, but even then the government is using their own subjective view of what promotes human development. If we believed in this principle, we would be opposed to the most obvious products that harm human development such as cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and nuclear power. We would also have to be opposed to giving kids candy as it has no nutritional value. Big Macs, Coke, Pepsi, and potato chips would all have to be banned. What benefit do these food products offer us? They have no nutritional value and one could argue that soft drinks are addictive because of their caffeine content.Show MoreRelatedThe Conquest Of Cool : Common Perception Of The Counterculture1041 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica against the consumer driven culture of the 1950s were actually a consumer driven rebellion in and of itself. The book s primary message is to describe how Advertisers and other big business in corporate America such as soda pop bottlers and clothing companies welcomed the counterculture and perhaps were responsible for creating it. Consumer driven industry realized that instant gratifica tion would make this new generation better consumers than their frugal post world war 2 parents. The bookRead MoreConsumerism And Its Effect On The 21st Century Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 21st century. 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The current technology-driven lifestyle has led to an expansion of marketing techniques to keep up with the societal demands and trends worldwide. The introduction of a new marketing approach coalesces the various product offerings within the Coca-Cola product line under a single campaign. Coca-Cola is continuously modifying their marketing strategies to maintain relevancy in the Millennial-driven marketplaceRead MoreInfluence Of Advertising And Marketing1515 Words   |  7 Pagesour community to be any well-liked culture, advertising and marketing have to take part. When reading What We Are to Advertisers by James Twitchell and Men’s Men and Women’s Women by Steve Craig, people will realize that the main audience for advertising and marketing is what causes the â€Å"popular† of the culture to develop. 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When reading What We Are to Advertisers by James Twitchell and Men’s Men and Women’s Women by Steve Craig, people will realize that the main audience for advertising and marketing is what causes the â€Å"popular† of the culture to develop. In What We Are to Advertisers, the article examines that advertising is to not only label a product but to also label the consumer as they circulate all over this â€Å"pyramid† of

Cyber Crime Essay - 1176 Words

In today’s day and age, everyone uses a computer. Whether it is just for fun (surfing the internet, downloading music) or for work (using Excel, Word or the internet for sources) there are not too many people that do not understand how useful the computer can be. In fact, many people have figured out how to use the computer to commit crime anonymously, and sometimes without the victim even knowing a crime has been committed. There are many different types of internet crime. First, it is incredibly easy to hide one’s identity on the internet. Most people use â€Å"user names† as opposed to actual names, therefore anyone can choose anything for their name. Some people do this just so they can feel like they can be who ever they want to be†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The development of informal banking institutions and parallel banking systems may permit central bank supervision to be bypassed, but can also facilitate the evasion of cash transaction reporti ng requirements in those nations which have them (Grabosky 17). Viruses, worms and trojans are also a common internet crime. Computer viruses are programs that can copy themselves in order to infect a computer without the knowledge of the user. These can be spread by e-mail, flash drives, floppy disks, or any other form of portable memory. Worms are similar in that the user is unaware, but the point of these is to send the virus to as many people as possible. Therefore, the worm does not attach itself to the computer, but instead to the e-mail so it can be sent out again and again. 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An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) Free Essays

string(84) " requested not to disclose information regarding their mouse hand during the study\." Introduction The incidence of repetitive injury has steadily increased over the past decade and evidence indicates that this trend will continue. (Millender et al 1992, Byng et al 1997). In UK according to the NHS report, 1 in 50 workers has reported symptoms of repetitive stress injury (RSI) (Scot et al 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) or any similar topic only for you Order Now More recently there have been reports of increase in RSI among computer operators (Anderson et al 2008) reason being their repetitive jobs at faster pace. There is also research which reads that forcefulness and awkward position of upper limb have a direct effect on the development of repetitive stress injury (Greening et al 1999). Even though RSI is common, the causes of RSI are complex, diverse and incompletely understood till today. Amongst the most various hypotheses suggested over decades there is some evidence of involving the whole nociceptive system (Brain 2009). With respect to the RSI in upper limb, commonly reported symptoms by patients are cramps, par aesthesia, and hyperalgesia, with no major motor or sensory involvement (Scott et al 2008). And after reviewing these symptoms again and again the nervous system is said to be certainly involved directly or indirectly in all the patients of overuse injury of upper limb (Reisch et al 2005). It were these studies that have given birth to concept called Neurodynamic in the world of physiotherapy (Shacklock 1995) Neurodynamics has become progressively more accepted as part of the evaluation and management of the repetitive injuries (Blaster et al 1997). The ULTT was initially thought by Elvey (1979) as an objective assessment of the neural tissue of the upper quadrant in the examination of arm pain and local pain pattern of the upper quadrant. Fundamentals of neurodynamic testing are that the nervous system exists in physiological and mechanical continuity (Slater ET al1994). This means that when mechanical stresses when applied on the nerve may evoke physiological responses such as alteration in axonal transport or may be interneural blood flow. And physiological disturbances like diabetes may predispose a nerve to mechanical disturbances (Mackinnon et al1986). Physiotherapists’ incorporating tension tests as a part of assessment and treatment have documented that altered nerve extensibility and is a very common finding in RSI disorders. In conjunction with symptomatology and subjective responses to these techniques, difference in the range of motion (ROM), difference in perceived response etc between the affected and the non affected are often considered indicative of adverse neural tension, with implied assumption that such differences are not apparent in asymptomatic subjects (Butler 1989). Such assumption questions the evidence based practise and the validity of these tests (Sackett. et al 1996) Research evaluating the upper limb tension test Shacklock in 1995 concluded that ULTT for median nerve is a simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility after performing test on cadavers. In 2005 Resich et al performed a study to measure the reliability and sensory response of median nerve biased on normal subjects. The limitation of the study was that it was done just on one side of body of normal individual. This therefore did not allow assessing if any variability or response existed in left and right side. Also the study was done on non keyboard workers thus the results cannot be generalised. Byng et al in 1997 conducted a research to compare the response of ULTT median nerve in asymptomatic, symptomatic key board workers and non keyboard workers. The results concluded that there was a variation in response to the nerve test among the three groups with keyboard workers having significant altered neural sensitivity when compared to non keyboard workers there by concluding the pain in key board workers is neural in origin. The shortcoming of this study was that there is no information regarding what was considered as a normal response at individual joint as there was only unilateral comparison. Scott et al in 2008 performed a study to determine the false positive ULTT and slumps tests in healthy adults and reported there are false positive response in asymptomatic. But the study was just performed on dominant side of the body thus there can be no comparison and these results cannot be expected for the opposite arm. Also the mean age of participants was only 22 years thus cannot be generalized. Since the researchers knew the dominant side this may have contaminated the result. Thus ULTT is an undoubtedly simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility but no trial has attempted to compare the variability of the neural tension test response bilaterally in normals. Without this bit of information the validity of the ULTT is questionable. Thus the aim of the study is to evaluate if there is any difference in mechano sensitivity and perceived response to median nerve ULTT test when compared bilaterally in non symptomatic female key board worker. Methodology Participants Inclusion criteria for the study were: asymptomatic female key board operators between the ages of 18- 60 years without any sensory problem of upper limb and/or neck within the last three months. Participants who complained of bit of neck pain on prolonged hours of sitting which did not radiate to shoulder or upper limb were included. Subjects were excluded if they reported any contraindication and/or precaution (Butler, 1991) like peripheral or central nervous system disease or medical metabolic disease like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis. They were also excluded if they had reduced range of motion of the upper limb and cervical spine. Thirty female asymptomatic key board operators volunteered for the study (mean age 31  ± 6.8 years; range: 24-54 years). Prior to the study all the participants read participation information sheet and signed consent form. There after participants filled the evaluation form which was regarding inclusion criteria, years of experience, hours of work per day and arm dominance. Arm dominance was defined as the hand participants used for operating the mouse also referred to as mouse hand in the study. Participants were requested not to disclose information regarding their mouse hand during the study. You read "An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI)" in category "Essay examples" The information pertaining arm dominance was blinded to both the researchers as it was known only after the application of ULTT1 test. Procedure Ethical approval was granted by the Committee on Ethics in Research at Sheffield Hallam University. After the participants had filled the evaluation form and the participant was eligible for the study screening movements were performed on the cervical spine, thoracic spine and of both the upper limb to abolish these structures as potential resources of symptoms. Two researchers were involved in the study. Both were students of Msc Applying Physiotherapy at Sheffield Hallam University. The author was the primary researcher who performed ULTT1 on all the participants in both hands. The second researcher only assisted to record the response to ULTT1 on body chart. The method adopted to perform ULTT for median nerve was the test proposed by Elvey 1986, Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler 1991a. David Butler in 1991a conveyed ULTT1 to be median nerve dominant and was reliable in normal’s (Edgar et al 1994) and in patient population (Selvaratnam 1991). The ULTT 1 test was described to each participant by the prime researcher before the test is performed and were informed that their participation was utmost important while recording the response on the body chart. They were also informed to move any part of their body while describing their response to the assistant researcher. Each participant wore a vest for the research purpose. There after each participant lay supine on a high/low plinth with the test arm slightly off the plinth. For convenience researcher passively manoeuvres the test first on right hand followed by the left .The position was secured with seat belts around thorax and pelvis to avert lateral movement of the chest. The right arm was tested first for convenience and was placed in starting position with the glen humeral (G-H) joint in neutral, elbow flexed and forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb in neutral. The other arm will lay relaxed adjacent to the abdomen. The participants were advised to maintain the head in neutral position and were requested to look at a spot on ceiling which negated any cervical spine rotation. Thus with the neck in neutral position the ULTT 1 test was commenced. To start with the shoulder was positioned in to neutral position and the examiner placed the hand on the test shoulder to prevent elevation. This was followed by G-H joint abduction to a maximum of 110 ° in frontal plane. From this position wrist, fingers and thumb were passively extended the forearm was supinated. The G-H joint was then externally rotated to no more than 50 ° as the third distinct component to shoulder. Thus the last component to be added was elbow extension. The elbow was extended until full extension was achieved or participant reported any symptoms at any stage of the test. When the symptom were reported by the participant the second researcher was responsible to record the nature of perceived sensory response in form of words or phrases and the location of the perceived sensory response on a right side marked on body chart. There after structural differentiation (STD) i.e. ipsilateral neck flexion (INF) was performed by the actively. ULTT1 was considered mechanosensitive positive only if the participant perceived reduction in the perceived symptoms and if the primary researcher performing ULTT visually observed an increase in the range of motion at elbow after the addition of desensitising manoeuvre i.e. the ipsilateral neck flexion (Quinter 1989, Butler 1990). The response of mechanosensitivity for ULTT was recorded as â€Å"Yes â€Å"or â€Å"No† and the response to structural deviation was recorded as increased (^) or decreased (v) with respect to symptoms only. A break of 10 minutes was given before the test was performed in the left hand. The same procedure was carried out and data was collected in similar manner on body chart. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics were utilized to know if mechanosensitivity for ULTT1 exists in the participants. After data collection all the sensory responses were collated on a single body chart(figure 2) which as further analysed by dividing the upper limb into five distinct areas i.e. cubital, forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. Frequencies of these locations were counted regardless of its nature and were tabulated. This made comparison between the two hands easier. The nature of perceived sensory response which was reported as words or phrases was divided in two categories stretch pain, pull pain. Frequency of the similar type of response was counted and compared for further analysis. Demographic characteristics like age, years of experience, hours of work and dominance were to analyse if association between ULTT1 response and these variables exists. To achieve the aim of the study, the data were analysed by answering the following questions. Analysis of the ULTT1 response in asymptomatic key board operators i.e. (mechanosensitive and the perceived sensory response from body chart). From the above analysis are there any evidence showing upper limb neurodynamic tests for median nerve is positive among asymptomatic key board operators? If â€Å"Yes† is there a difference in the response to ULTT1 when compared bilaterally? If there is a difference in response when compared bilaterally, is there an association between the hours of work, age and dominance with the ULTT1 response. The answers to these key questions further assisted in exploration of the research question: Is there a variability of response to upper limb neurodynamic test of median nerve in asymptomatic keyboard operators when compared bilaterally RESULTS Summary of mechanosensitive response compared between mouse and non mouse hand: Table 1 : Table of mechanosensitivity and sensory response in bilateral upper limbs. NoMousehandRIGHT ULTT 1RIGHT STD LEFT ULTT 1LEFT STDNature of perceived sensory response (R)Location of sensory response(R)Nature of perceived sensory response (L)Location of sensory response(L) 1LYvYvStretch pain1,2,3Stretch pain1,2,3,4,5 2RNvNv–––– 3RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 4LYvYvPull pain1,2,3Pull pain1,2,3 5RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 6RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 7RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3,4 8RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2 9RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3,4 10RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 11RNvNv–––– 12RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3,4,5 13RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 14RY–Y–Pull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2,3 15RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 16RNvNv–––– 17RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2 18RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3 19RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 20RY–Y–Stretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2, 21LYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2,3,4,5 22RNvNv–––– 23RYvYvPull pain1,2,3Pull pain1,2,3, 24RY–Y–Stretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2 25RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 26LNvNv–––– 27RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2 28RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 29RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3 30RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 ULTT1 Upper limb neural tissue tension test for median nere ; STD structural differentiation; INF: ipsilateral neck flexion Incidenc e of mechanosensitive response Fig1-Incidence of detected mechanosensitive response for ULTT 1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators From figure 1 it was evident that a high number of participants showed response for ULTT1. On adding ipsilateral neck flexion all of them perceived reduction in the symptoms Table 1.There was nobody who had complained of unilateral symptoms. Thus there was no difference in the mechanosensitive response to ULLT1 in the mouse and non mouse hand. Nature of the perceived sensory response and difference between the mouse and the non mouse hand After summarising the data from 30 body charts it was observed that 13 participants (43.33%) had complained of â€Å"stretch pain† and 12 participants (40%) had complained of â€Å"pull† pain (Table 1). After comparing the sensory response of mouse hand and non mouse hand in table 1, it was observed there was no difference in perceived sensory response in both the hands. Location of the perceived sensory response The location of perceived sensation in the right and left hand of all the participants were plotted on a single body chart. Figure 1 shows numerical involvement of location of symptoms for the ULTT1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators. Figure 1: Body chart divided into 5 areas where responses were perceived. After analysing the repsponse Graphs 2a and 2b :Comparing the symptoms in the mouse and the non mouse hand Location of response Location of response From the graphs 2a and 2b it is clearly evident there was difference in the location of sensory response between the mouse and the non mouse hand. The median nerve was more sensititive in fingers and the wrist joints as compared to the non mouse hand. Discussion: Summary of the results The results from this study showed that asymptomatic keyboard operators showed a positive mechanosensitive response for ULTT1. There was no difference in the mechanosensitive and perceived sensory response when compared bilaterally. 83.33% participants had bilaterally positive mechanosensitive response and had shown increased area of symptoms in mouse hand. And on further reviewing individual characteristics of these participants there was no association found between with age, hours of work and years of experience. Byng 1997 compared the response of ULTT1 between patients, asymptomatic keyboard workers and asymptomatic non keyboard workers. The results showed that key board operators had significant positive ULTT compared to non-keyboard user. Thus the current study and study performed by Byng et al 1997 proposes that a subclinical pathological condition exists in key board operators. There could be many reasons for such a scenario in this group of population. One of the reflection is the type of muscle exertion that is involved in the keyboard workers performing repetitive task for a prolonged hours causes static loading of neck and shoulder muscles (Subratty et al 2005). These static sustained contractions of the shoulders, neck and upper limbs may be required to fix the hands in a functional position necessary for the task (Pascarelli et al 2011). Along with this dynamic contraction of the forearm muscles are required for repetitive key actions which are then superimposed over this backgrou nd of static muscular activity. The musculoskeletal system presents the nervous system with a mechanical interface (Butler 1989). A static muscle contraction such as those witnessed in key board users cause compression of a nerve there by reducing the mobility resulting in positive mechanosensitive response (Subratty et al 2005). The results of the study performed by Lohkamp et al 2011 were in contrast to the current study. He compared bilateral ULTT1 response in 90 normal individuals and the results showed that there were more neurogenic response and reduced ROM in the non dominant hand as compared to dominant hand. The difference in the result between the two studies could be attributed to the difference in the population involved. Lohkamp et al 2011 performed study on normal healthy individual who utilized their non-dominant hand less for their normal daily activities which could have led to reduced flexibility of muscles and compromised mobility of the nerve. In the present study since key board operation is a bilateral task such a difference was not observed. Structural differentiation is added to determine if the ULTT is positive or not (Butler 1991, Nee 2006). Depending on the type of structural differentiation applied, tension in the median nerve could be increased or decreased (Byl et al 2002). In this study all the participants who had reported symptoms for ULTT1; 100% had reported decreased in the sensory response after adding structural differentiation (ipsilateral neck flexion). Similar results were reported by Selvaratnam et al 1994 and Scot et al 2008. This observation might be caused by decreased tensile force of the nerve causing increase in the circulation (Otaga and Niato, 1986). Similar results were seen in a study performed by Coopeiters et al 2002A which concluded that with structural differentiation there was a change in the ROM at the elbow joint and the frequency of response distal to it had reduced. Coopeiters et al 2002A also suggested performing contra lateral neck flexion as a structural differentiation to ULTT1 a s it causes more tension in the nerve tissue and is more specific in provoking the symptoms. But since this study was done in asymptomatic key board operators who are already exposed to high risk of developing overuse syndrome symptoms (Scot et al,2008), contra lateral neck flexion was not the choice of STD in this study for ethical reasons. The present study found no difference in the perceived sensory response in the mouse and the non- mouse hand. Stretch and pull pain were the reported perceived symptoms. The literature reads that stretch and pull sensations are considered as normal response to ULTT1. An individual is considered as mechanosensitive positive if there is a decreased in the ROM while performing ULTT (Buttler1991). Even though the participants had shown response which was similar to normal’s they were still labelled as mechano sensitive for ULTT1 as the researcher had observed reduced ROM at elbow while performing ULTT but it was not measured. This further emphasise that asymptomatic key board users could have a hidden pathological state and are at high risk for developing repetitive stress injury syndromes. An understandable sample of frequency and nature of symptoms was recognized as there was not much of deviation. Amongst the participants who were mechanosensitive bilaterally 100% had perceived sensation at the cubital area (anterior aspect of elbow). The other common reported sites were forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. The site of involvement was in accordance to the study put forth by Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler et al 1989. The 92% who had complained of more areas of response in mouse hand, had perceived symptoms in the cubital area wrist fingers and thumb while the non dominant hand had received symptoms only in cubital area and forearm. The rationale for this could be the usage of the mouse itself. Recent studies like Jepsen et al 2002 contributed to the literature by performing a cross sectional study on computer operators and concluded that pain, parasthesia and weakness were more prevalent in mouse arm as compared to non-mouse arm. The clinical reasoning behind this could be the mouse operating wrist is constantly positioned in a bent position and this causes reduced space in the carpal tunnel further reducing the mobility of median nerve and the other structures like tendon situated in it. Thus in the median exposed to more compressive forces in the mouse hand than the contra lateral limb and hence it becomes irritable and produces symptoms like tingling and numbness in the wrist, fingers and th umb. Also the difference in location of response had no association with age, hours of work and years of experience as these characteristics were no different than the other participants in the study similar result were observed by (Byng et al 1997) Theoretical Implication: From the current study it can be suggested that a subclinical pathological state exisits among female amongst the asymptomatic female key board operators supporting several hypothesis that the origin of repetitive stress injury are neurogenic in origin. This study also suggests that the usage of the mouse along with causes increased mechanosensitivity of median nerve in wrist fingers and thumb. Thus work place modification and ergonomic advise should also consider the mouse modification. Clinical Implication: Literature shows that dominant arm in normal’s could be used as a control group while assessing the ULTT1 response amongst symtomatics as there exists no variation in response to ULTT1 amongst normal healthy individuals. This study though performed on asymptomatic targeted an intermediate group and suggests that dominant arm is not a reliable diagnostic indicator as variability exists in the bilateral response with more response being in the dominant arm which is in contrast to the current literature. Strength of the study Limited research is available which compares bilateral response of ULTT1 thus the current study adds on to this limited literature. Also while ULTT1 was being conducted the researchers were blinded to the information of dominance to prevent assessor bias. The results obtained from the study could be generalizable as a large age group was included. Limitations Participants were labelled as mechanosesntitive positive if they had perceived a reduction in symptoms after adding ipsilateral neck flexion . No objecetive scale was used to find by how much the percentage the symptoms were reduced thus future research should incorporate scales like VAS scale to have more reliable results. The ULTT was carried out only ones on participants to label them as mechanosesntive positive. Thus this single reposne may not have recorded the real response. Ideally a mean of 3 response would be indiacted to prevent any errors. Scope for future research Future research should focus on more objective methods of accessing the variability of response ofULTT1 among symptomatic key board operators. If ROM is suggested as objective means to measure variability research should be carried out to know how much difference in ROM is required to label an individual mechanosensitive positive. Conclusion The results indicate that asymptomatic key board operators are mechanosensitive positive for ULTT1. There exists a difference in the location of the perceived response when compared bilaterally with more areas being in the dominant arm. Thus domiant of asymptomatics could not be used as a normal control variable while assessing the response of ULTT1 in symptomatic population. REFERENCES Andersen JH, Harhoff M, Grimstrup S et al. Computer mouse use predicts acute pain but not prolonged or chronic pain in the neck and shoulder. Occup Environ Med 2008; 65:126-131 Balster S, Jull G. Upper trapezius muscle activity during the brachial plexus tension test in asymptomatic subjects. Manual Therapy 1997; 2(3): 144-149 Bell A. The upper limb tension test – bilateral straight leg raising – a validating manoeuvre for the upper limb tension test. Proceedings of the fifth Biennial Conference of the Manipulative Therapists Association of Australia Melbourne, 1987 pp 106-114 Butler DS. 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Overuse syndrome of the upper limb and the upper limb tension test: a comparison between patients, symptomatic keyboard workers and asymptomatic keyboard workers. Manual therapy1997; 2(3):157-164 Clare HA (1989) the clinical testing of upper limb neural tissue in repetitive strain injury. . Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Conference of the Manipulative Therapists Association of Australia Adelaide, pp 28-33 Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Everaert DG, Staes FF. A qualitative assessment of shoulder girdle elevation during the upper limb tension test 1.Manual Therapy 1999; 4 (1): 33-38 Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Staes FF, Everaert DG. Shoulder girdle elevation during neurodynamic testing: an assessable signManual Therapy 2001a 6(2): 88-96. Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Everaert DG, Staes FF. Addition of test components during neurodynamic testing: effect on range of motion and sensory responses. –Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2001b 31(5): 226-237 Coppieters MW, Butler DS. In defence of neural mobilisation. – Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2001c; 31(9): 520-521 Coppieters MW, van de Velde M, Staeppaerts KH. Positioning in anaesthesiology. Toward a better understanding of stretch-induced preoperative neuropathies. Anaesthesiology 2002a; 97: 75-81 Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Koen J, Jull G. Reliability of detecting ‘onset of pain’ and ‘Sub maximal pain’ during neural provocation testing of the upper quadrant. Physiotherapy Research International 2002b; 7(3): 146-156 Coppieters MW, Butler DS. In defence of neural mobilisation: Part 2. – Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2002c; 32(3): 125-126 Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, Koen J . Aberrant protection force generation during neural provocation testing and the effect of treatment in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain. –Journal of Manipulative Physiological Therapy 2003a; 26: 99-106 Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, Janssen K. The immediate effects of a cervical lateral glide treatment technique in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain. – Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2003b; 33(7): 369-378 in press Elvey RL. Brachial plexus tension tests and the path anatomical origin of arm pain. In Glasgow EF and Twomey L (Eds.): Aspects of Manipulative Therapy, 1979 Melbourne Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences, pp 105-110 Elvey RL. Treatment of arm pain associated with abnormal brachial plexus tension. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1986, 32: 225-230 Elvey RL. The investigation of arm pain: signs of adverse responses to the physical examination of the brachial plexus and related neural tissues. In Boyling JD, Palastanga N (Eds.): Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy, Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone 1994, pp 577-585 Elvey RL (1995) Peripheral neuropathic disorders and neuromusculoskeletal pain. In Shacklock MO (Ed.): Moving in on pain, Australia Buttersworth-Heinemann 1995, pp 115-122 Elvey RL. Physical evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in disorders of pain and dysfunction. Journal of hand therapy 1997; 10(2): 122-129, cited by Coppieters DO (2002b), p 148 Elvey RL, Hall TM. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment .In: Donatelli R (ed.) Physical therapy of shoulder, New York Churchill Livingstone 1997 Gifford LS, Butler DS. The integration of pain sciences into clinical practice. Journal of Hand therapy 1997 April-June: 86-95 Greening J, Smart S, Leary R, Hall-Craggs M, O’Higgins P, Lynn B. Reduced movement of median nerve in carpal tunnel during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain. Lancet 1999 354:217-218 Greening J, Lynn B, Leary R, Warren L, O’Higgins P, Hall-Craggs M. The use of ultrasound imaging to demonstrate reduced movement of the median nerve during wrist flexion in patients with RSI. In Singer KP (Ed.): Abstracts of the 7th Scientific Conference of the IFOMT in conjunction with the Biennial Conference of the MPAA, Perth 2000, p 55 Gross AR, Kay T, Hondras M, Goldsmith C, Haines T, Peloso P, Kennedy C, Hoving J. Manual Therapy for mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2002 ; 7 (3): 131-149 Heide B, Allison G, Zusman M. Pain and muscular responses to a neural tissue provocation test in the upper limb. Manual therapy 2001; 6(3):154-162 Jensen I, Nygren A, Gamberle F et al. The role of the psychologist in multidisciplinary treatments for chronic neck and shoulder pain: a controlled cost-effectiveness study. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1995; 27: 19-26 Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tudler M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes BW. Bio psychosocial rehabilitation for upper limb repetitive strain injuries in working age adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library 2000b Issue 3, Oxford: Update Software Kenneally M, Rubenach H, Elvey RL. The upper limb tension test: the SLR of the arm. In Grant R (Ed.): Clinics in Physical Therapy. Physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine (1st ed) New York Churchill Livingstone, 1998, pp 167-194 Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic Exercise- Foundation and techniques.3rd edition. New Delhi: Jay pee Brothers 1996 pp143 Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, Vleeming A, Snijders C, Mulder P, van Wingerden JP.Peripheral nerve tension due to joint motion. A comparison between embalmed and unembalmed human bodies. Clinical Biomechanics 1995a; 10(5): 235-239 Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, Vleeming A, Snijders C, Mulder P. Mechanical tension in the median nerve. The effects of joint positions. Clinical Biomechanics 1995b; 10 (5): 240-244 Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, Mulder PGH, van der Hoek G, Broek TH Vleeming A, Snijders CJ. Upper limb tension tests as tools in the diagnosis of nerve and plexus lesions. Anatomical and biomechanical aspects. Clinical Biomechanics 2000; 15: 9-14 Kryger AI, Andersen JH, Lassen CF et al. Does computer use pose an occupational hazard for forearm pain; from the NUDATA study. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:e14 Lewis J, Ramot R, Green A. Changes in mechanical tension in the median nerve: possible implications for the upper limb tension test. Physiotherapy 1998; 84 (6): 254-261 Lohkamp M, Small K. Normal response to Upper limb Neurodynamic Test 1 and 2A. Manual Therapy 2011; 16:125-130 Mackinnon SE. Double and multiple crush syndrome. Hand clinic 1992; 8: 369-390. Nee RJ, Butler D. Management of peripheral neuropathic pain: integrating neurobiology, neurodynamics and clinical evidence†. Physical Therapy in Sport 2006; 7:36-49 Owen TJ, Brew J, Barlas P. A Single blind investigation into the Potential Differences in Passive Range of Movement at the Elbow, between Dominant and Non-Dominant Arm, when Using the Upper Limb Tension Test 1.Physiotherapy 2000;86(1) Pascarelli EF, Hsu YP. Understanding Work-Related Upper Extremity Disorders: Clinical Findings in 485 Computer Users, Musicians, and Others. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2001; 11 (1): 1-21 Ramadevi MS. Comparison of Adverse neural tissue tension in dental professionals and non-dental professionals using upper-limb tension test.Combaitore:DGR university; March 2001;1-13 Reish R, Williams K, Nee RJ, Rutt RA. ULNT2—median nerve bias: examiner reliability and response in asymptomatic subjects. Journal of Manual Manipulative Therapy 2005; 13(1):44-56. Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem solving. British Medical Journal 1995; 310: 1122-1126 Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS . Evidence based Medicine: what it is and what it isn’ t. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 71-72 Scott ,Anderson IB, Mary Grace Carson MG, Elkins CL , Stuckey LB.Upper limb Neural tension and seated slump tests: The False Positive Rate among Healthy Young Adults without Cervical or Lumbar Symptoms. Journal of Manual Manipulative Therapy2008; 16(3):136-141 Shacklock MO. Clinical applications of neurodynamics. In Shacklock MO (Ed.): Moving in on pain Australia Buttersworth-Heinemann 1995, pp 123-131 Shacklock MO. Positive upper limb tension test in a case of surgically proven neuropathy: analysis and validity. Manual Therapy 1996; 1(3): 154-161 Shacklock M. Neurodynamics 1995. Physiotherapy 1995; 81(1):9-16. Slater H, Vincenzino B et al. Sympathetic slump the effect of a novel manual therapy technique on peripheral sympathetic nervous system function.Journal of Manual Manipulative Therapy, 1994; 2: 156-162. Subratty , Korumtollee F. Occupational overuse syndrome among keyboard users in Mauritius. Indian association of occupational health 2005; 9(2):71-75.Woolf CJ. Recent advances in the path physiology of acute pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia1989; 63: 139-146 Sunderland S, Bradley KC. Stress-strain phenomena in human peripheral nerve trunks. Brain 1961; 84: 102-119 Walsh M.Upper Limb Neural Tension Testing and Mobilization: Fact, Fiction, and a Practical Approach. Journal of Hand therapy 2005; 18(2):241-258. How to cite An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI), Essay examples

Environmental & Management Oil Production †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Environmental And Management Oil Production? Answer: Introducation This article talks about the environmental impact of the olive oil production and the measures to reduce the implications. In this article, it is being shown that the carbon footprint from the production of the olive oil is being calculated using the LCA technology. This report also shows that majority of the olive oil production is being contributed by Spain, Italy and Greece. In addition, the largest importers are USA, Spain and France. This report has elaborated the emissions being involved in different step in the process of production of olive oil. According to this report, emission being committed in the transportation process of the raw materials and the finished products are being included in the calculation of the environmental impact of the olive oil production. It is being told in the article, that 10 percent of the total glass bottle produced for packaging is being manufactured from recycling. Landfill model is being used in order to dispose the waste from the production process. Various recommendations are being provided in the article such as using of refrigerants will help to reduce the emission of chorolo fluro carbons. It is also been recommended that using of biodiesel in the farming machinery will further help to reduce the harmful emission. According to this article, olive trees requires good amount of nitrogen fertilizers which cause more emission of GHC. Thus, in order to reduce it, nitrogen inhibitors can be used. This article talks about the solid waste and water waste management caused due to the reason of production of olive oil production. It is mainly concentrated on the management of the waste generated along with the solutions and techniques in reducing the impact. It is being told in this article that the byproducts from the production of the olive oil can be used more effectively in order to reduce the environmental impact. This article has also given the possible options where the byproducts can be used. It is being shown in the article that the existing way of wastewater generations is not as effective as it should be. They generate various pollutants which are harmful for the water bodies. Thus, more technologically advanced techniques should be used in order to enhance the effectiveness of the wastewater management. In the case of the solid waste management, various recommendations such as using the sludge in improvement of the soil can be used to reduce the solid waste. Alternati ve valorization options such as antioxidants and biopolymers will help to enhance the economic viability of the production process. These process will help to initiate an effective and sustainable policy for the waste management of the production of the olive oil. Reference Rinaldi, S., Barbanera, M. and Lascaro, E., 2014. Assessment of carbon footprint and energy performance of the extra virgin olive oil chain in Umbria, Italy.Science of The Total Environment,482, pp.71-79. Valta, K., Aggeli, E., Papadaskalopoulou, C., Panaretou, V., Sotiropoulos, A., Malamis, D., Moustakas, K. and Haralambous, K.J., 2015. Adding value to olive oil production through waste and wastewater treatment and valorisation: the case of Greece.Waste and Biomass Valorization,6(5), pp.913-925.

Adventures Of Huck Finn Essays (616 words) -

Adventures of Huck Finn Mark Twain wrote "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" in the 1800's. During this time slavery was socially acceptable. Even in the church it was taught that there was nothing wrong with slavery. Black people were often referred to as "niggers". Huck, even though he was a friend of Jim, didn't even think twice about calling a black person a nigger. Huck would say things like "Give a nigger an inch and he'll take an ell."(86) He didn't see anything wrong with using language like this. He didn't see anything wrong with it because he was taught to call black people niggers just like his dad did and everyone else around him did also. During this period in history in the south, that is how people talked. I think the meaning of the word nigger was different then than it is now. The word nigger was used in this book because in the 1800's it was common language. It did not have the same impact on a person back then as it does today. Jim even uses the word nigger freely as if it does not have any meaning to it. He says, "I wouldn't ?low no nigger to call me dat."(77) Jim does not seem to be offended by the word because he uses the word himself. I think that the African Americans at this time are so prone to hearing this word used that they do not even think about what the meaning of the word nigger is. I do not think Huck really knew what the true meaning of the word nigger was. I think he just thought it was another name for a person that was black. If there is anyone in this novel that has an anti-racism attitude, it is Huck. He is the one who helped Jim escape to freedom when nobody else would have cared. Huck was Jim's only friend and I think Jim knew it. When Huck found Jim on Jackson Island, Jim trusted Huck enough to tell him what he had done. Jim said, "...you wouldn't tell on me ef I ?uz to tell you, would you Huck?"(42) Although Huck often pondered about whether or not he should turn Jim in, he never did. Huck stuck by Jim's side the whole time even though Jim was black. Huck looked beyond the color of Jim's skin and saw that he was a real person and not just a nigger. It is kind if ironic that Miss Watson, a proper woman that attends church regularly who calls herself a Christian, owns a slave. This just shows us that during this time people were taught that there was nothing wrong with slavery. The simple fact that Jim belonged to Miss Watson made it hard for Huck's conscience to help him escape from slavery. Huck knew it was wrong to help a slave run away. He always felt bad about helping Miss Watson's slave run away. He kept thinking, "What had poor Miss Watson done to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say one single word?"(85) But even knowing this, he helped Jim anyway. Huck had a caring heart, and he cared about Jim. Huck's love and dedication to Jim helps us over look the frequent use of the word nigger. Huck does not pay attention to the fact that Jim is black, and a nigger, and he befriends him. He ignores what his society says at that time period in the 1800's about blacks. The only reason for the use of the nigger in this book is because of the vernacular in this area. Huck does not know that this word is bad because nobody ever told him it wrong to say it. He grew up hearing it used excessively and therefore he used the word nigger in his speech without even thinking twice about it.

Germany and History essays

Germany and History essays World War II started when Adolf Hitler wanted to expand his authority and strengthen German forces. It feels like a good idea for the reason that Hitler wants to protect German-speaking people but he disobeyed the Versailles Treaty and his actions of acquiring those countries were too harsh. Great Britain and France did not have a choice but to attack Germany, the atmosphere all over the world became furious and was ready to face another battle such as World War I. During that time, our region was not ready for another struggle for the reason that we were still in the process of recovering from the loss of our nation during the Great Depression. There were several casualties died, buildings destroyed, but in the beginning of World War II, everything changed. During the war, the economy of the region rose since several jobs offered to men and women. Men asked to work as soldiers while women worked in the factories to build equipments for use in combat. Discrimination rose when the war broke where non-white segregated from whites. Adolf Hitler was an aggressive man; he wants people to adore him in order to rule the world. He successfully convinced people to follow him on his several activities especially in expanding the land area of Germany but then our regions opinion about this is that his plan was not to secure the people and protect them but instead he planned to secure and protect himself. The activities that he made were more on a personal satisfaction. Benito Mussolini was engaged in a Socialists Party but later on became the ruler of Italy where he invaded Ethiopia and other countries. Both men were hungry for power. Soon, the combat operations have ended when the peace treaty initiated but in Germany, it later signed in 1990. The regions have changed and new beginnings formed. Political issues and other difficulties rose but with a proposed long-term solution. The strongest ally during the war were Great Britain a...

Social Class in the US Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Class in the US - Assignment Example However, as can be gleaned from the lessons and insights provided by the materials in Chapter 8, the belief that the US is the land of opportunity is all but a myth. For, while thousands of opportunities are available for everyone interested, factors like language, educational and cultural factors can severely impede immigrants’ success, including those with professional credentials which they earned from their own homelands. Sawhill, Isabel (2006) in a Policy Brief stated that while the US economy performed well, most of the benefits of such success were reaped by those at half top of the income distribution strata, especially those at the top one percent (or those with income of more than about $400,000 in 2006). Society, stressing that it takes at least five generations to totally free one from circumstances of birth or family background. Sawhill adds that as the gap widens among the income levels or groups, it has become harder for people to move up, as the topmost of the ladder becomes more and more solid and strong, accumulating more and more wealth. Immigrants, illegal or otherwise, represent cheap, reliable labor for the American businesses. The documented and legal immigrants mostly have no education or reached only high school level, which makes it harder for them to land on high-paying jobs. Even their children tend to not continue to go to school but instead engage in jobs to augment their families’ incomes. Education, they say, is the great leveler. However, the US does not provide equal access to quality education to its people. Majority of the immigrants’ kids go to public schools which are below par the other schools across the nation. Even the funding for Bilingual Education has been debated upon, most probably towards its abolition. It is therefore no wonder that recent trends had been that these immigrants are going back to their homes, primarily to seek better opportunities